Oil sludge, a viscous residue composed of hydrocarbons, water, and solid particulates, poses substantial environmental and operational challenges for refineries and storage facilities. Conventional disposal methods—such as landfilling or incineration—are both costly and environmentally detrimental.…

The European Union (EU) has long been at the forefront of environmental policy, particularly regarding the management of plastic waste. With growing concern over plastic pollution and its long-term environmental impact, the EU has introduced a robust regulatory framework aimed at encouraging plastic…

The thermal conversion of wood through pyrolysis has become a pivotal process in modern biomass utilization. Differences among wood species significantly influence the efficiency, yield, and product quality of this thermochemical transformation. Each type of wood possesses distinct structural and…